Who is the Popcorn Guy? Unraveling the Mystery Behind the Savory Snack Sensation
The question "Who is the popcorn guy?" might conjure images of a cheerful individual tending to a steaming popcorn machine at a local fair, a charismatic vendor at a movie theater, or perhaps a beloved character in a childhood memory. For many, the "popcorn guy" is more than just a vendor; they represent a fleeting moment of simple joy, a sensory experience tied to warmth, aroma, and the satisfying crunch of perfectly popped kernels. It’s a role that, while seemingly straightforward, can encompass a surprising depth of dedication, entrepreneurial spirit, and a genuine knack for bringing smiles to faces. My own experiences have often involved seeking out that distinctive, buttery scent wafting through a crowded venue, instinctively knowing that the "popcorn guy" was somewhere nearby, ready to deliver a little bag of happiness.
The Multifaceted Identity of the Popcorn Guy
To truly understand "who is the popcorn guy," we need to delve into the various roles and archetypes this title can embody. It's not a singular person, but rather a concept that branches out into several distinct categories, each with its own unique charm and significance. Let's break down these identities:
The Classic Cinema Concessionaire: This is perhaps the most iconic image. Think of the bustling movie theater lobby, the lights dimmed, and the omnipresent aroma of popcorn. The "popcorn guy" here is the linchpin of the cinematic experience, often a young employee, diligently scooping, bagging, and serving. Their efficiency and a friendly smile are crucial to the flow of moviegoers eager for their snack. The Festival and Fair Vendor: At outdoor events, fairs, carnivals, and sporting events, the "popcorn guy" is the artisan of the open air. They often operate portable popcorn machines, their carts becoming a beacon for hungry attendees. The atmosphere they create is one of festivity and immediate gratification. The Entrepreneurial Popcorn Purveyor: This is where the concept elevates from a simple job to a business. These individuals might own a chain of popcorn stands, a gourmet popcorn shop, or even a mobile popcorn business catering to private events. They often focus on unique flavors, high-quality ingredients, and branding. The Hobbyist and Home Popcorn Enthusiast: While not a commercial entity, the term "popcorn guy" can also refer to someone who is exceptionally skilled at making popcorn at home, perhaps a friend or family member who always brings the best homemade popcorn to gatherings. Their expertise lies in achieving that perfect crispness and flavor. The Fictional Popcorn Character: In movies, books, or even commercials, the "popcorn guy" can be a character designed to embody the joy and comfort associated with popcorn. These characters often serve as symbols of simple pleasures and community. The Cinema Concessionaire: More Than Just a JobWhen we think about the "popcorn guy" in a movie theater, we're usually talking about someone who is the first point of contact for a customer's snack needs. It’s a role that demands speed, accuracy, and an understanding of the theater's offerings. I remember one particular late-night movie showing where the concession stand was swamped. The young man behind the counter, who I’d affectionately dub the "popcorn guy" for that evening, was a whirlwind of activity. He was calmly taking orders, scooping popcorn with practiced ease, buttering it (or letting customers choose their buttering level), and bagging it all with a smile that seemed almost impossible given the pressure. He wasn’t just serving popcorn; he was a vital part of ensuring that everyone got their treat before the trailers ended. This efficiency is key, as a bottleneck at the concession stand can be incredibly frustrating for patrons.
The importance of this role shouldn't be underestimated. For many, popcorn is intrinsically linked to the movie-going experience. It's a tradition, a comfort food that enhances the escapism of cinema. The "popcorn guy" is the facilitator of this tradition. Their ability to quickly and accurately prepare orders, manage inventory (keeping those popcorn bins full!), and maintain a clean work area directly impacts customer satisfaction and the overall success of the theater. It requires a certain level of multitasking skill, often juggling multiple orders simultaneously while keeping an eye on the popping machines and the warming cabinets.
Furthermore, the "popcorn guy" often acts as a de facto ambassador for the theater. A friendly interaction, a helpful suggestion about toppings, or even just a pleasant exchange can leave a lasting positive impression. They are the faces of the concession stand, and their attitude can significantly influence a customer's perception of the entire establishment. It’s a position that requires patience, especially during peak hours, and a genuine willingness to serve. My own observations have shown that theaters that invest in training their concession staff for efficiency and customer service often see higher concession sales, and this often comes down to the effectiveness of their "popcorn guy" and their team.
The Festival and Fair Vendor: The Heartbeat of Outdoor EventsVenturing into the world of festivals, fairs, and carnivals, the "popcorn guy" takes on a more prominent and often more entrepreneurial persona. These vendors are the lifeblood of many outdoor events, their distinct aroma cutting through the myriad of other enticing smells. I can vividly recall walking through a bustling county fair, the air thick with the scents of fried dough, grilled onions, and something undeniably alluring – popcorn. It led me to a vibrant red cart, where a man with a weathered apron and a hearty laugh was expertly operating a large, antique-looking popcorn machine. He wasn't just serving popcorn; he was creating an experience.
This type of "popcorn guy" is often an independent business owner. They are responsible for sourcing their own kernels, oil, butter, and seasonings. They manage their equipment, ensuring it's in good working order and producing the highest quality product. The portability of their operations means they are constantly on the move, setting up and taking down their stands at various events. This requires a significant amount of logistical planning and physical labor. They must be adept at handling cash and credit transactions, managing inventory on-site, and dealing with unpredictable weather conditions.
The appeal of the festival "popcorn guy" lies in several factors. Firstly, the visual of a classic popcorn machine in operation is inherently captivating. The kernels popping, the steam rising, the golden-brown kernels accumulating – it's a spectacle. Secondly, the aroma is a powerful draw. It’s a universally recognized and comforting scent that evokes feelings of nostalgia and simple pleasures. This vendor often serves as a nostalgic anchor for many attendees, reminding them of childhood visits to similar events. My own experience has taught me that these vendors often have a deep understanding of what makes their popcorn special. They might use a specific type of corn, a secret blend of seasonings, or a unique popping technique that sets them apart. It’s this dedication to quality and craft that makes their offerings so sought after.
In this context, the "popcorn guy" is not just a vendor; they are an integral part of the event's atmosphere. Their presence contributes to the festive mood and provides a consistent, reliable treat for attendees. They often develop a loyal following, with people specifically seeking out their stand year after year. This entrepreneurial spirit and dedication to their craft are what truly define the festival and fair "popcorn guy."
The Entrepreneurial Popcorn Purveyor: Elevating the Snack to an Art FormMoving beyond the immediate gratification of a movie theater or fair, we encounter the entrepreneurial "popcorn guy" who has transformed popcorn into a gourmet product and a thriving business. These individuals are innovators, taking a humble snack and elevating it with unique flavors, premium ingredients, and sophisticated branding. I’ve had the pleasure of visiting a few such establishments, and they are a far cry from the simple carts of fairs. These are often sleek, modern shops or well-designed mobile units that focus on an elevated customer experience.
What sets these entrepreneurs apart is their dedication to experimentation and quality. They aren't just popping corn; they are crafting flavor profiles. Think of options like: Savory Sensations: Rosemary Parmesan, Smoked Gouda, Spicy Dill Pickle, Black Truffle. Sweet Indulgences: Salted Caramel, White Chocolate Raspberry, Cookies and Cream, Birthday Cake. Unique Blends: Maple Bacon, Sriracha Honey, Chili Lime. These aren't your average movie theater flavors. The "popcorn guy" in this scenario is often a keen chef or a meticulous product developer. They might source specialty corn varietals, use high-quality oils like coconut or avocado oil, and employ artisanal finishing techniques. The packaging is often as thoughtfully designed as the flavors themselves, with attractive bags, tins, or even personalized gift boxes.
My own encounters with these gourmet popcorn businesses have revealed a deep understanding of market trends and consumer preferences. They often engage in extensive market research, identifying flavor gaps and creating products that appeal to a discerning palate. Many of these businesses start small, perhaps as a home-based operation or a small market stall, and grow through word-of-mouth and a commitment to excellence. The "popcorn guy" here is a visionary, building a brand around a beloved snack.
The business model for these entrepreneurs can vary widely: Brick-and-Mortar Shops: These offer a retail experience where customers can sample flavors, buy pre-packaged popcorn, and sometimes even watch the popping process. Online Retailers: Many successful gourmet popcorn businesses operate primarily online, shipping their products nationwide. This requires a robust e-commerce platform and efficient shipping logistics. Catering and Corporate Events: Providing custom popcorn flavors and bulk orders for parties, weddings, and corporate functions is another significant revenue stream. Wholesale: Supplying specialty popcorn to other retailers, cafes, or gift shops. The "popcorn guy" in this entrepreneurial space is a master of flavor, a savvy marketer, and a dedicated business manager. They are constantly innovating, striving to create the next big flavor sensation and build a lasting legacy around the humble popcorn kernel.
The Hobbyist and Home Popcorn Enthusiast: The Unsung Heroes of GatheringsWhile not a commercial venture, the "popcorn guy" can also refer to that special someone in our lives who possesses an almost magical ability to make perfect popcorn at home. These are the friends, family members, or even just that one acquaintance who, whenever a gathering is planned, is the first to volunteer to bring the popcorn. I have one such friend, let's call him Dave. Dave is our unofficial "popcorn guy" for movie nights. He has a specific popcorn maker, a precise method for oil and salt, and he always seems to achieve that elusive perfect balance of crispness without being burnt, and saltiness without being overwhelming. He’s not selling it; he’s sharing it, and that makes it all the more special.
What distinguishes this type of "popcorn guy" is their passion and their acquired skill. They might have spent years perfecting their technique, experimenting with different popping methods (stovetop, air popper, electric machine) and seasonings. They understand the nuances of kernel types, oil temperatures, and the crucial ratio of popcorn to oil. Their motivation is often the sheer enjoyment of sharing a delicious, comforting snack with loved ones.
The "popcorn guy" in this context is a master of home comfort. They bring a tangible element of care and generosity to social occasions. The simple act of sharing homemade popcorn creates a warm and inviting atmosphere. It’s a gesture that says, "I want to make this gathering even better for you." My own experience tells me that Dave's popcorn is always the first to disappear, and people actively seek out his contributions. It’s a testament to the fact that expertise and passion, even in seemingly simple things, are deeply appreciated.
Key elements of the hobbyist "popcorn guy" include:
Equipment Mastery: Knowing their popcorn maker inside and out. Ingredient Savvy: Choosing quality kernels, oils, and seasonings. Technique Refinement: Perfecting popping times and methods. Generosity: Always willing to share their delicious creation. These individuals are the unsung heroes of casual get-togethers, proving that the "popcorn guy" can be a beloved figure in both commercial and personal spheres, defined by their dedication to making a simple snack extraordinary. The Fictional Popcorn Character: Embodiments of Joy and NostalgiaBeyond the real-world figures, the "popcorn guy" can also exist in the realm of fiction, serving as memorable characters that tap into our collective love for this snack. These characters, whether in movies, television shows, or advertisements, often embody the positive associations we have with popcorn: fun, relaxation, and shared experiences. I recall a particular animated character from a children's show who was always depicted with a popcorn cart, his presence signaling a moment of excitement or a break from the ordinary. These fictional portrayals solidify the cultural significance of popcorn and the individuals associated with it.
In movies, a popcorn vendor might be a minor character who provides a moment of comic relief or a touch of realism. They serve to ground the fantastical elements of a story in everyday life. In advertisements, the "popcorn guy" is often a symbol of the product being sold, exuding happiness and satisfaction. Think of commercials that show people delighting in popcorn; the person holding or offering it often becomes synonymous with that joy.
These fictional "popcorn guys" are powerful because they leverage existing cultural touchstones. They don't need extensive backstory; their role is understood. They represent the uncomplicated pleasure that popcorn offers. Their appearances often trigger a sensory memory in the viewer – the smell, the taste, the sound of popping. This emotional connection is a testament to the enduring appeal of popcorn and the figures who are associated with it.
The impact of these fictional characters can be significant. They can: Reinforce brand identity: For movie theaters or snack companies. Create memorable moments: In films or television shows. Evoke nostalgia: By tapping into childhood memories. Symbolize simple pleasures: Highlighting the joy in everyday experiences. In essence, the fictional "popcorn guy" is a narrative device that amplifies the inherent charm and appeal of popcorn, making it a more deeply embedded part of our cultural landscape.
What Makes a Great "Popcorn Guy"? Key Qualities and Skills
Across all these different interpretations, several core qualities and skills consistently define a successful and memorable "popcorn guy." It's not just about popping kernels; it’s about the entire experience they provide. Based on my own observations and interactions, here are some of the most crucial elements:
Consistency in QualityThis is paramount. Whether at a cinema, a fair, or a gourmet shop, the popcorn needs to be consistently good. This means achieving the right texture – perfectly crisp, not chewy or burnt. It requires understanding the optimal popping temperature and duration. A great "popcorn guy" has a system, whether it's a finely tuned machine or a meticulous stovetop method, that guarantees a delicious product every single time. I've learned that even slight variations in oil-to-kernel ratio or popping time can make a significant difference. For the entrepreneurial "popcorn guy," this consistency is the bedrock of their reputation.
Sensory Appeal: Aroma and PresentationThe smell of freshly popped popcorn is a powerful attractant. A skilled "popcorn guy" knows how to harness this. Beyond the aroma, presentation matters. For a cinema vendor, this means neatly filled bags. For a fair vendor, it might be an attractively displayed cart with a steaming machine. Gourmet shops often go for elegant packaging. The visual appeal and the enticing smell work in tandem to draw customers in. I’ve often found myself drawn to a stand purely by the irresistible scent, and the visual of a well-maintained, active popcorn machine seals the deal.
Flavor Innovation and CustomizationWhile classic butter and salt are always a hit, the best "popcorn guys" understand the power of flavor. This could range from offering a variety of seasonings (cheesy, spicy, sweet) at a concession stand to developing complex, gourmet flavor profiles in a dedicated shop. The ability to cater to different tastes, perhaps offering vegan options or allergen-free choices, further enhances their appeal. For the entrepreneurial "popcorn guy," this is where they can truly shine, creating unique selling propositions.
Efficiency and SpeedEspecially in high-traffic environments like movie theaters or festivals, speed is essential. Customers are often eager to get their snacks and return to their seats or enjoy the event. A great "popcorn guy" can take orders, prepare popcorn, and handle transactions quickly and accurately, minimizing wait times. This requires good organization and practice. I've witnessed situations where a slow concession stand led to a backlog of unhappy customers, whereas a swift and organized "popcorn guy" kept the line moving smoothly.
Customer Service and FriendlinessThis is perhaps the most human element. A friendly smile, a warm greeting, and a helpful attitude can elevate the entire experience. The "popcorn guy" is often the face of the business, and positive interactions build rapport and encourage repeat business. This could involve offering samples, answering questions about flavors, or simply engaging in a brief, pleasant conversation. My personal interactions have shown that a vendor who is genuinely pleasant to deal with is far more memorable than one who is robotic or indifferent. This personal touch is what can turn a casual customer into a loyal fan.
Cleanliness and HygieneThis is non-negotiable. A clean popcorn machine, a tidy work area, and hygienic practices are crucial for customer trust and safety. This includes proper handling of food, maintaining equipment, and ensuring the overall cleanliness of the concession stand or shop. A visibly clean operation instills confidence in the quality of the product. I’ve always found myself more inclined to purchase from vendors who maintain a pristine environment.
Passion and DedicationOften, the best "popcorn guys" are those who are truly passionate about what they do. This passion translates into a dedication to quality, a willingness to innovate, and a genuine desire to please customers. Whether they are a seasoned entrepreneur or a young person working their first job, a spark of enthusiasm is often evident and contagious. This dedication is what separates a good popcorn provider from a great one.
The Business of Popcorn: From Kernel to Profit
The journey of popcorn from a simple kernel to a profitable business is a fascinating one, and the "popcorn guy" is at the heart of this transformation. Understanding the economics and operational aspects can provide further insight into this role.
Sourcing and Inventory ManagementFor any commercial "popcorn guy," sourcing quality ingredients is the first step. This includes: Popcorn Kernels: Different varieties (butterfly, mushroom) have different uses and appeal. Quality kernels yield better pops and fewer unpopped pieces. Oils: Coconut oil, soybean oil, canola oil – each imparts a slightly different flavor and has a different smoke point. Seasonings: Salt (fine or coarse), cheese powders, sugar, spices, artificial butter flavoring. Butter/Butter Topping: Real butter or a liquid butter alternative. Effective inventory management is crucial to ensure you never run out of stock, especially during peak times, while also avoiding spoilage. The "popcorn guy" needs to forecast demand based on events, seasons, and historical sales data.
Equipment and MaintenanceThe right equipment is an investment. Popcorn machines range from small countertop models to large, theater-style poppers. Poppers: Stovetop, electric, or gas-powered. Key features include kettle size, heating element, and visibility. Melters/Warmers: For butter or butter topping. Storage Bins: To keep popped popcorn warm and fresh. Scoops and Bags: Food-grade containers for serving. Regular maintenance is vital to ensure longevity and optimal performance. Cleaning is a daily, if not more frequent, necessity to prevent buildup and maintain hygiene.
Pricing and ProfitabilityThe pricing strategy for popcorn is a critical component of a "popcorn guy's" business. Popcorn has a notoriously high-profit margin. The cost of raw materials (kernels, oil, salt) is relatively low, while the selling price can be significantly higher, especially in contexts like movie theaters where it's a premium impulse purchase. Cost of Goods Sold (COGS): This includes the direct costs of ingredients used for each serving. Overhead Costs: Rent, utilities, labor, equipment depreciation, marketing. Pricing Strategy: This can be value-based (what the market will bear), cost-plus, or competitive. A well-run popcorn business can be highly profitable, making it an attractive venture for entrepreneurs. The "popcorn guy" must constantly balance cost-effectiveness with customer value to maximize profits.
Marketing and BrandingFor entrepreneurial "popcorn guys," marketing and branding are key to standing out. This can involve: Unique Flavors: Differentiating through a distinctive menu. Memorable Logo and Packaging: Creating a recognizable brand identity. Social Media Presence: Engaging with customers online, showcasing new flavors, and running promotions. Local Partnerships: Collaborating with other businesses or event organizers. Customer Loyalty Programs: Encouraging repeat business. The story behind the "popcorn guy" and their business can also be a powerful marketing tool, resonating with customers on an emotional level.
Frequently Asked Questions About the "Popcorn Guy"
How does the "popcorn guy" ensure the popcorn is always fresh?Ensuring freshness is a multifaceted approach, and it really depends on the context of who the "popcorn guy" is. For a movie theater or a fair vendor, freshness is primarily maintained through a high turnover rate and proper storage. They aim to pop corn in relatively small batches throughout the day, ensuring that what's being served hasn't been sitting under a heat lamp for too long. The ideal is for the popcorn to be served within a few hours of being popped. They use warming cabinets or heat lamps to keep popped popcorn at an optimal temperature, but even then, there’s a shelf life. My own observation is that the busiest vendors, the ones with lines, are typically the ones serving the freshest popcorn because their inventory moves so quickly. They also need to be mindful of humidity, as it can make popcorn go stale or chewy. For a gourmet popcorn business, freshness is also about the quality of the popping process and often involves making smaller batches more frequently, especially for custom orders or online sales where lead times are crucial.
Why is popcorn such a popular snack at events and movie theaters?Popcorn’s enduring popularity stems from a combination of sensory, psychological, and economic factors. Psychologically, popcorn is deeply linked to experiences of leisure and entertainment. The act of watching a movie, attending a sporting event, or visiting a fair is often paired with the comforting ritual of eating popcorn. It’s a tradition that has been built over decades, particularly with the rise of cinema. Sensory-wise, popcorn offers a unique combination of aroma, taste, and texture that is highly satisfying. The warm, buttery, salty scent is incredibly inviting, and the crunchy, airy texture provides a pleasing mouthfeel. Economically, popcorn offers a high-profit margin for vendors. The raw ingredients are inexpensive, allowing businesses to sell it at a price point that is still perceived as affordable by consumers while generating significant revenue. This economic viability means that popcorn is almost always available at entertainment venues. Furthermore, it's a relatively clean finger food that doesn't require utensils and can be easily consumed in a darkened movie theater. It's a low-mess, high-reward snack that fits perfectly into the context of communal entertainment. The "popcorn guy" at these venues, therefore, is facilitating not just a snack, but a part of the overall experience.
What are the essential tools and equipment a "popcorn guy" needs to start a business?If someone is looking to become a commercial "popcorn guy," the essential tools and equipment would depend on the scale and type of business they envision. For a mobile or small-scale operation, you'd definitely need a reliable commercial popcorn machine. These come in various sizes, often with built-in kettles that can pop anywhere from 4 to 32 ounces of kernels per batch. A good machine will have a heated base to keep popcorn warm and a visual display to attract customers. You'll also need a heat-resistant oil ladle or scoop for safely dispensing oil into the kettle, and a measuring scoop for kernels. For seasoning, a shaker for salt and perhaps a dedicated dispenser for butter or butter topping would be necessary. Serving containers are crucial – paper bags or cardboard boxes designed for popcorn, often with a grease-resistant lining. If you're going beyond basic butter and salt, you might need additional shakers or containers for various seasonings. For mobile operations, a sturdy cart or trailer to house the equipment is essential, along with a power source (generator or access to electricity). Beyond the popping itself, you'd need a way to store pre-popped popcorn if you're doing large batches, often a heated popcorn warmer. And of course, a cash box or a mobile point-of-sale system (like a tablet with a card reader) is vital for transactions. Regular cleaning supplies, like brushes and cloths, are also a must for maintaining hygiene and equipment longevity. It's a significant initial investment, but the potential for return is considerable given the high profit margins.
How does the "popcorn guy" handle different dietary needs or allergies?Handling dietary needs and allergies is becoming increasingly important for any food vendor, and the "popcorn guy" is no exception. The most common allergens to consider with popcorn are dairy (from butter or cheese seasonings) and gluten (though popcorn itself is gluten-free, cross-contamination can be an issue with shared equipment if other gluten-containing products are prepared nearby). To address this, a proactive "popcorn guy" will often: Offer Dairy-Free Options: This could involve using oil-based flavorings instead of butter, or offering nutritional yeast-based "cheesy" seasonings. Many gourmet popcorn vendors now have specific dairy-free lines. Clearly Label Ingredients: Providing clear ingredient lists for all flavors is essential, allowing customers to make informed choices. Prevent Cross-Contamination: This is critical for severe allergies. It might mean using dedicated equipment (separate popping kettles, scoops, seasoning shakers) for allergen-free batches. For a commercial kitchen, this is a strict protocol. A smaller vendor might opt to pop allergen-free batches first thing in the morning before other ingredients are introduced. Educate Staff: If the "popcorn guy" has employees, thorough training on allergen awareness and safe handling practices is imperative. Offer Unseasoned Plain Popcorn: This is often the safest base for individuals with multiple or severe allergies. Communicating openly with customers about their needs and being transparent about ingredients and preparation methods builds trust and ensures that everyone can enjoy popcorn safely. It requires vigilance and a commitment to customer well-being, transforming the "popcorn guy" into a trusted provider for a wider range of patrons.
What makes a gourmet popcorn business different from a standard movie theater popcorn stand?The distinction between a gourmet popcorn business and a standard movie theater popcorn stand lies primarily in their focus, product offering, and overall brand experience. A standard movie theater "popcorn guy" is part of a larger entertainment complex. Their primary role is to provide a convenient, familiar, and profitable snack that complements the movie-going experience. The focus is typically on a few classic flavors (butter, salt, maybe cheese) and a consistent, albeit often basic, quality that appeals to a mass audience. The goal is high volume and quick service. Efficiency and cost-effectiveness are paramount. On the other hand, a gourmet popcorn business, where the "popcorn guy" is often the owner and chief innovator, elevates popcorn to an artisanal food item. The emphasis is on unique, complex, and often exotic flavor profiles, using premium ingredients. They might experiment with sweet, savory, spicy, or even fusion flavors like rosemary truffle, maple bacon, or sriracha lime. Quality of the kernel itself, the type of oil used, and the precision of the popping and seasoning processes are critical. The branding is usually more sophisticated, with attractive packaging and a focus on a curated customer experience, whether in a brick-and-mortar shop, at farmers' markets, or online. Gourmet popcorn businesses often cater to a more discerning palate and are willing to pay a premium for unique tastes and high-quality products. The "popcorn guy" in this setting is often a flavor creator, a brand builder, and a curator of a premium snack experience, rather than simply a service provider within a larger entertainment venue.
In conclusion, the "popcorn guy" is a title that carries a surprising amount of weight and encompasses a diverse range of individuals and roles. Whether they are the friendly face at the cinema, the hardworking entrepreneur at a festival, or the passionate creator of gourmet flavors, they all share a common thread: the ability to bring a simple, universally loved snack to life. They are facilitators of joy, makers of memories, and essential components of countless enjoyable experiences. My own journey in understanding this role has been enriched by observing their dedication, their craft, and the consistent smile they bring to faces, one kernel at a time.