How to Properly Wash Hair for Optimal Health and Shine: A Comprehensive Guide

Mastering the Art of How to Properly Wash Hair: Beyond the Basic Rinse

We've all been there, right? Staring in the mirror after a shower, only to find our hair looking dull, lifeless, or perhaps even greasier than before we started. For years, I, like many others, approached hair washing as a perfunctory task – a quick lather, a splash of water, and I was done. My reasoning was simple: water and shampoo, what else could there possibly be to it? Yet, the results often left me wanting more. My scalp would sometimes feel irritated, my ends brittle, and that coveted healthy shine seemed perpetually out of reach. It wasn't until I started really delving into the *how* of hair washing, understanding the science behind it and the nuances of different hair types, that I began to see a dramatic transformation. This journey has been enlightening, and I'm excited to share with you how to properly wash hair, transforming it from a chore into a genuinely beneficial ritual for your locks. So, how to properly wash hair? The answer lies in a multi-step process that involves selecting the right products, mastering the washing technique, and paying attention to the temperature of the water and the rinsing process. It's about understanding your hair's unique needs and adapting your routine accordingly, ensuring both scalp health and hair vibrancy.

The Foundation of a Great Wash: Understanding Your Hair Type

Before we even think about reaching for the shampoo bottle, it's crucial to understand what we're working with. Just like a painter needs to know their canvas, you need to know your hair. This isn't just about whether it's curly or straight; it’s about porosity, thickness, and whether your scalp tends to be oily, dry, or balanced. I used to think everyone's hair was the same, but the reality is far more complex, and what works for one person might be a disaster for another. Here's a breakdown of what to consider: Oily Hair: If your hair feels greasy within a day or two of washing, you likely have an oily scalp. This means your sebaceous glands are producing more sebum than average. Dry Hair: Dry hair often feels brittle, lacks shine, and can be prone to breakage. This can be due to a lack of sebum production, environmental factors, or damage from heat styling and chemical treatments. Normal/Balanced Hair: This hair type typically isn't too oily or too dry, maintaining a healthy balance of moisture and natural oils. Fine Hair: Fine hair strands are thin in diameter. They can be easily weighed down by heavy products and may lack volume. Thick Hair: Thick hair has a higher density of strands and/or individual strands that are thicker in diameter. It can take longer to saturate and dry. Curly/Wavy Hair: The natural pattern of curls and waves can affect how sebum travels down the hair shaft, often leading to drier ends. Color-Treated or Chemically Processed Hair: These hair types are often more porous and susceptible to damage, requiring gentler care. Hair Porosity: This refers to how well your hair can absorb and retain moisture. Low Porosity: Hair cuticles are tightly closed, making it difficult for moisture to penetrate but also good at retaining it once inside. Products can sometimes build up on the surface. Medium Porosity: Hair cuticles are more open, allowing moisture to enter and exit relatively easily. This is generally considered the ideal porosity. High Porosity: Hair cuticles are open or have gaps, allowing moisture to enter easily but also escape just as quickly. This often results in hair that dries out fast and feels rough. Understanding your hair type is the bedrock of knowing how to properly wash hair. It dictates everything from the products you choose to how frequently you should be washing. For instance, if you have fine, oily hair, you’ll need a different approach than someone with thick, dry, curly hair.

Choosing the Right Tools: Shampoo, Conditioner, and Beyond

The products you use are paramount. Gone are the days of a one-size-fits-all shampoo. We now have a vast array of options designed for specific concerns. My own bathroom cabinet used to be a testament to impulse buys and a general lack of strategy, but now, I’m much more intentional. Shampoo Selection: More Than Just Suds The primary purpose of shampoo is to cleanse the scalp and hair, removing dirt, oil, and product buildup. However, not all shampoos are created equal. For Oily Hair: Look for clarifying shampoos or those labeled for "oily hair." These are formulated with stronger cleansing agents to break down excess sebum. Be mindful not to over-strip your scalp, as this can sometimes lead to more oil production as a rebound effect. For Dry or Damaged Hair: Opt for moisturizing or hydrating shampoos. These often contain ingredients like shea butter, argan oil, glycerin, or hyaluronic acid to replenish lost moisture and prevent further drying. Avoid sulfates, which can be very stripping. For Fine Hair: Volumizing shampoos are your friend. They are typically lighter and often contain ingredients that can help lift the hair from the root. Avoid heavy, creamy formulas that can weigh fine hair down. For Curly/Wavy Hair: Look for sulfate-free, moisturizing shampoos. Curly hair tends to be drier, so gentle cleansing is key. Co-washes (conditioner-only washes) are also a popular option for this hair type. For Color-Treated Hair: Color-safe shampoos are essential. They are formulated without harsh sulfates or high pH levels that can strip away hair color and leave it looking faded and brassy. Clarifying Shampoos: These are deep-cleaning shampoos designed to remove product buildup, hard water minerals, and chlorine. They should be used sparingly, perhaps once or twice a month, as they can be quite stripping. If you use a lot of styling products or swim regularly, this is a vital tool. Sulfate-Free Shampoos: Sulfates are powerful detergents. While they create lots of lather and effectively clean, they can be very drying for many hair types, especially those that are dry, color-treated, or curly. If you experience dryness or irritation, switching to a sulfate-free option might be a game-changer. When I first switched to a sulfate-free shampoo, my hair felt less stripped, and my scalp less prone to that itchy feeling that sometimes accompanied my washes. It took a little adjustment, as the lather isn't as dramatic, but the long-term benefits were undeniable. Conditioner: The Hydration Hero Conditioner is applied after shampooing to replenish moisture, detangle, smooth the hair cuticle, and improve manageability and shine. It's often applied from mid-shaft to the ends, as applying it directly to the scalp can sometimes weigh down finer hair or contribute to oiliness. For Dry or Damaged Hair: Rich, creamy conditioners with nourishing ingredients are a must. Look for silicones (which can coat and smooth the hair), natural oils, and proteins. For Fine Hair: Lightweight conditioners are best. Avoid heavy, creamy formulas. Some people with fine hair even opt to skip conditioner on their roots altogether. For Oily Hair: You might need a lighter conditioner or to apply it sparingly only to the ends. Some people with oily scalps find they can get away with a rinse-out conditioner only once or twice a week. For Curly/Wavy Hair: Deeply hydrating conditioners are often beneficial. Leave-in conditioners are also excellent for providing ongoing moisture and frizz control. For Color-Treated Hair: Color-safe conditioners will help seal the cuticle, protect the color, and add moisture. A quick word on deep conditioners and hair masks: these are more intensive treatments that should be used weekly or bi-weekly, depending on your hair's needs. They provide a more potent dose of nourishment and repair. Other Helpful Products Beyond shampoo and conditioner, other products can enhance your hair washing routine: Scalp Scrubs: Used occasionally, these can help exfoliate the scalp, removing dead skin cells and buildup that regular shampoo might miss. Pre-Shampoo Treatments: Oils or treatments applied before shampooing can help protect the hair from the cleansing action of shampoo, especially for very dry or damaged hair. Leave-In Conditioners: Applied after rinsing and towel-drying, these provide continuous moisture and protection throughout the day.

The Step-by-Step Guide: How to Properly Wash Hair

Now that we've covered the preparation, let's get to the actual washing process. This is where the technique truly matters. My own understanding of proper hair washing evolved significantly when I realized the importance of each stage. Step 1: Pre-Wetting Your Hair This is more important than you might think. Simply jumping in and applying shampoo to dry or barely damp hair isn't ideal.

Thoroughly wet your hair with lukewarm water. This step is crucial because it helps to open up the hair cuticles, allowing the shampoo to penetrate and cleanse more effectively. It also helps to loosen dirt and oils, making the shampooing process more efficient. I always ensure my hair is completely saturated before I even consider touching the shampoo bottle. It takes a good minute or two of letting the water run through my hair, making sure every strand is wet.

Step 2: Applying Shampoo The amount of shampoo you use is also important. Overdoing it can lead to residue, while too little might not clean effectively.

Dispense a small amount of shampoo (about a quarter-sized dollop for medium-length hair) into your palm. You can add a little water to emulsify it before applying. Focus the shampoo application primarily on your scalp, where the oil and dirt buildup is most significant. Gently massage the shampoo into your scalp using the pads of your fingertips – never your nails, as this can cause irritation and damage. Work the lather down the hair shafts, but avoid vigorously scrubbing the lengths of your hair, as this can cause friction and breakage. For finer hair, a single shampoo might suffice, but for thicker, oilier, or product-heavy hair, a second shampoo might be necessary to ensure a complete cleanse.

Step 3: Rinsing Shampoo This is a step where many people fall short, leaving shampoo residue that can dull hair and irritate the scalp.

Rinse your hair thoroughly with lukewarm water until all traces of shampoo are gone. This usually takes longer than you think. I can’t stress enough the importance of a thorough rinse. You should feel no slipperiness from the shampoo residue. If you’re unsure, keep rinsing. Any remaining shampoo can lead to scalp issues and a dull appearance.

Step 4: Applying Conditioner Conditioner is applied after shampooing to restore moisture and smooth the hair.

Squeeze out excess water from your hair. Apply conditioner, focusing on the mid-lengths and ends of your hair, avoiding the scalp unless you have a specific reason (e.g., a very dry scalp). Distribute the conditioner evenly using your fingers or a wide-tooth comb. Let the conditioner sit for a minute or two (or as directed by the product) to allow it to penetrate the hair shaft. This is where I often do a quick body wash or shave, giving the conditioner time to work its magic.

Step 5: Rinsing Conditioner The temperature of the water during this final rinse can make a significant difference.

Rinse the conditioner out thoroughly with cool or cold water. While lukewarm water is good for washing, a final rinse with cooler water is beneficial. Why? Because cool water helps to seal the hair cuticle, locking in moisture, increasing shine, and reducing frizz. This is a simple yet incredibly effective trick that I started incorporating, and the difference in shine was noticeable almost immediately. You don’t need to endure an ice-cold shower if that’s not your thing; just a minute or two of cooler water on your hair is enough.

Step 6: Drying Your Hair How you dry your hair also plays a role in its health and appearance.

Gently squeeze excess water out of your hair with your hands. Avoid wringing or rubbing your hair vigorously with a towel, as this can cause frizz and breakage. Instead, opt for a microfiber towel or a soft cotton t-shirt to blot your hair dry. If you use a blow dryer, always use a heat protectant spray and choose a medium heat setting. Allow your hair to air dry as much as possible before styling.

Water Temperature: A Crucial, Often Overlooked Element

The temperature of the water you use can have a profound impact on your hair and scalp. It's a detail that many people overlook in their pursuit of how to properly wash hair. Lukewarm Water for Washing: This is the ideal temperature for shampooing. It's warm enough to effectively open the hair cuticles and loosen dirt and oil, allowing the shampoo to cleanse thoroughly. It also helps to increase blood circulation to the scalp, which is beneficial for hair growth. Cool/Cold Water for Rinsing: As mentioned earlier, a final rinse with cooler water is fantastic for sealing the hair cuticle. This results in smoother, shinier hair with less frizz. It also helps to retain moisture within the hair shaft. For those with sensitive scalps, very hot water can exacerbate dryness and irritation, so lukewarm is a better compromise for the initial wash. I remember years ago, I would exclusively use hot water for everything, thinking it was the best way to "get clean." My hair was often frizzy, and my scalp felt tight. Transitioning to lukewarm for washing and cool for rinsing was a revelation. It felt like my hair was thanking me for the gentler, more effective approach.

The Frequency Question: How Often Should You Wash Your Hair?

This is perhaps one of the most debated aspects of hair care. There's no single answer that fits everyone. The frequency of washing your hair depends heavily on your scalp's oil production, hair type, and lifestyle.

For individuals with very oily hair and fine strands, washing every day or every other day might be necessary to manage oiliness and keep hair looking fresh. On the other hand, those with dry, thick, or curly hair may find that washing once or twice a week is sufficient, or even too much. Over-washing can strip the scalp of its natural oils, leading to dryness, irritation, and potentially increased oil production as the scalp tries to compensate. Conversely, not washing enough can lead to scalp issues like dandruff, product buildup, and a greasy, dull appearance.

My personal experience has taught me to listen to my hair and scalp. There were times I felt pressured to wash daily, but my hair was suffering. Now, I aim for every 2-3 days, sometimes longer, depending on how my scalp feels. I use dry shampoo sparingly on days I don't wash to refresh my roots. It's all about finding that sweet spot where your hair looks and feels its best without compromising its health.

Here’s a general guideline, but remember to adjust based on your own observations: Hair Type/Condition Recommended Washing Frequency Notes Oily Scalp / Fine Hair Daily or Every Other Day Use lightweight, clarifying shampoos. Avoid heavy conditioners on roots. Dry Scalp / Thick Hair Once or Twice a Week Use moisturizing shampoos and conditioners. Consider co-washing. Normal/Balanced Hair Every 2-3 Days Can adjust based on personal preference and lifestyle. Curly/Wavy Hair Once or Twice a Week (or less) Sulfate-free, moisturizing shampoos and conditioners are crucial. Co-washing is often beneficial. Color-Treated/Chemically Processed Hair Every 2-4 Days (or less) Use color-safe, sulfate-free shampoos and moisturizing conditioners. Very Active/Sweaty Lifestyle May require more frequent washing Focus on gentle cleansing to avoid stripping the scalp.

Dealing with Specific Hair Concerns During Washing

Sometimes, even with the best intentions, you might encounter issues. Understanding how to properly wash hair also involves knowing how to address these. Tackling Buildup If you use a lot of styling products, dry shampoo, or live in an area with hard water, you might experience product buildup. This can make your hair feel heavy, dull, and unmanageable.

A clarifying shampoo is your best friend here. Use it sparingly, perhaps once a month, or whenever you feel a significant buildup occurring. Apply it to wet hair, focusing on the scalp and lengths, and let it sit for a few minutes before rinsing thoroughly. Follow up with a good moisturizing conditioner to replenish any moisture that might have been stripped away by the clarifying shampoo.

Managing Dandruff Dandruff can be caused by various factors, including dry scalp, oily scalp, or fungal infections. The right washing technique can help.

If your dandruff is due to a dry scalp, using a moisturizing shampoo and conditioner and washing less frequently might help. If it's due to an oily scalp or fungal issues, a medicated shampoo designed for dandruff can be very effective. When using these shampoos, ensure you lather them well and let them sit on the scalp for the recommended time before rinsing. Gentle scalp massage is also beneficial. Always consult a dermatologist if dandruff is severe or persistent.

Sensitive Scalp Irritation A sensitive scalp can react to harsh ingredients or even the physical act of washing.

Opt for sulfate-free, fragrance-free shampoos and conditioners. Avoid hot water, as it can exacerbate sensitivity. When shampooing, use the pads of your fingertips to gently massage your scalp, rather than scratching with your nails. A cool rinse is also much gentler. If you suspect a particular ingredient is causing irritation, try an elimination process to identify the culprit.

The Art of the Rinse: Beyond Just Water

We’ve touched on water temperature, but there’s more to the rinse than just that. Thoroughness is Key: This cannot be stressed enough. Leaving any shampoo or conditioner residue can weigh down your hair, make it look dull, and potentially lead to scalp issues. When rinsing shampoo, you’re aiming to remove all the suds and dissolved impurities. When rinsing conditioner, you’re aiming to remove excess product while leaving a thin, beneficial layer on the hair shaft. Rinsing Techniques for Different Hair Types: Fine Hair: A thorough rinse is essential to avoid any heaviness. Curly Hair: Some curly hair enthusiasts prefer to leave a small amount of conditioner in their hair, a technique known as "prayer hands" or "raking" to help distribute it evenly. Apple Cider Vinegar Rinse (ACV Rinse): This is a fantastic post-shampoo, pre-conditioner or post-conditioner treatment, especially for those with dullness or scalp issues. Dilute 1-2 tablespoons of ACV in 1-2 cups of cool water. After shampooing and rinsing, pour this mixture over your hair, let it sit for a minute, and then rinse lightly with cool water. ACV helps to rebalance the scalp's pH, close the hair cuticle, and can help with dandruff and buildup. It might sound odd, but the vinegar smell dissipates as your hair dries, leaving behind nothing but shine and softness. I personally use this about once a month, and it's a great boost for my hair's vibrancy.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Washing Your Hair

Even when you think you're doing it right, small mistakes can sabotage your efforts. Understanding these can help refine your approach to how to properly wash hair. Using Water That's Too Hot: As we've discussed, hot water can strip your hair of natural oils, leading to dryness, frizz, and scalp irritation. Shampooing the Ends of Your Hair: The ends of your hair are older and often drier. Vigorously shampooing them can lead to split ends and breakage. Focus shampoo on the scalp and let the lather run down the strands. Over-Conditioning or Applying Conditioner to the Scalp (Unless Needed): Applying too much conditioner or applying it directly to the roots can weigh down your hair, making it look greasy and limp, especially for fine hair. Vigorous Towel Drying: Rubbing your hair aggressively with a towel creates friction, leading to frizz and breakage. Not Rinsing Thoroughly: Leaving shampoo or conditioner residue behind can dull your hair and lead to scalp problems. Using the Wrong Products for Your Hair Type: This is a fundamental mistake that can lead to a host of problems. Washing Too Frequently or Not Frequently Enough: Finding the right balance for your hair and scalp is crucial. Skipping Conditioner: Unless you have a specific reason (like very oily hair and a rare washing schedule), skipping conditioner can leave your hair dry, tangled, and unmanageable.

Hair Washing as a Self-Care Ritual

Beyond the technicalities, I’ve come to view hair washing as an essential part of my self-care routine. It’s a moment to pause, to focus on myself, and to nurture my body. The feeling of clean, fresh hair is not just physical; it's a mental reset. Taking the time to properly wash my hair, to massage my scalp, and to enjoy the scent of my shampoo and conditioner has become a small but significant pleasure in my week. It’s about being present and treating my hair with the care it deserves.

Frequently Asked Questions About How to Properly Wash Hair

Let’s dive into some common questions people have about hair washing. How often should I wash my hair if I have oily hair and dandruff? This is a common predicament. When you have both oily hair and dandruff, it can feel like a balancing act. For oily hair, the instinct is to wash frequently to control the grease, but this can sometimes exacerbate dandruff, especially if the dandruff is due to a dry scalp. Conversely, washing too infrequently to combat dandruff can leave your hair looking and feeling greasy. The key here is to use the right products and technique. You'll likely benefit from a specialized shampoo. Look for a shampoo formulated for oily hair *and* dandruff. These often contain active ingredients like salicylic acid or selenium sulfide to help control flaking and treat the underlying cause of dandruff, while also having effective cleansing agents to manage oil. When you wash, focus the shampoo primarily on your scalp, where the oil and dandruff are most prevalent. Gently massage it in with your fingertips and let it sit for the time recommended on the product. Rinse thoroughly. You might find that washing every day or every other day is necessary to keep both the oil and dandruff under control. However, always pay attention to how your scalp feels. If you notice increased dryness or irritation from daily washing, try to space out your washes by a day and use a good conditioner on your ends to prevent them from becoming overly dry. Some people find success with a rotating system, using a dandruff shampoo every other wash and a gentle, moisturizing shampoo on the alternate washes, focusing the moisturizing shampoo on the lengths of the hair. Why does my hair feel stripped after washing, even with a good shampoo? If your hair feels stripped, dry, or brittle after washing, even when using what you believe to be a good shampoo, several factors could be at play. The most common culprit is the type of shampoo you're using, particularly the presence of harsh sulfates. Sulfates (like Sodium Lauryl Sulfate - SLS and Sodium Laureth Sulfate - SLES) are powerful detergents that create a lot of lather and effectively remove oil and dirt. However, for many hair types, especially those that are naturally dry, curly, color-treated, or processed, these sulfates can be too aggressive, stripping away not only excess oil but also the natural moisture and protective oils that keep hair healthy and supple. Another reason could be the water temperature. Washing your hair with very hot water can also strip natural oils and leave your hair feeling dry and stripped. As we’ve discussed, lukewarm water for washing and cool water for rinsing is generally best. Over-shampooing can also lead to this feeling. If you’re washing your hair too often, you might be removing your scalp's natural sebum faster than it can replenish it, leading to a constantly stripped feeling. Finally, the conditioner you use (or don't use) plays a significant role. If you're not following up with an adequate conditioner, or if the conditioner you're using isn't moisturizing enough for your hair type, your hair will likely feel dry and stripped after the cleansing process. Consider switching to a sulfate-free shampoo, ensuring you rinse thoroughly, and using a rich, moisturizing conditioner. How do I wash my hair if I have very fine, limp hair that gets greasy quickly? Washing fine, limp hair that gets greasy quickly requires a delicate approach to cleanse effectively without weighing it down or further contributing to oiliness. The goal is to clean the scalp and hair thoroughly while maintaining volume and preventing a greasy appearance. Start by using a lightweight, volumizing shampoo. Look for shampoos that are specifically formulated for fine hair or for oily hair. These shampoos are designed to cleanse effectively without leaving heavy residue. Avoid creamy, overly moisturizing shampoos, as these can quickly flatten fine hair. When shampooing, focus almost exclusively on your scalp. Gently massage the shampoo into your scalp using the pads of your fingertips. The lather will naturally run down the lengths of your hair, which is usually enough to clean them without needing to scrub the ends. For particularly oily hair, you might consider a double cleanse – shampooing twice in one wash session. The first shampoo helps to break down the oil, and the second ensures a thorough clean. When it comes to conditioner, this is where many people with fine hair go wrong. Avoid applying conditioner to your roots. Instead, apply a lightweight conditioner sparingly from the mid-lengths down to the ends. Look for conditioners labeled as "lightweight," "volumizing," or specifically for fine hair. If your hair still feels heavy, you might even consider skipping conditioner altogether on some washes, or using a rinse-out conditioner only and ensuring you rinse it out completely. A final rinse with cool water is still beneficial for sealing the cuticle and adding a bit of shine without adding weight. Consider air-drying your hair or using a blow dryer on a cool setting, lifting the roots as you dry to maximize volume. Is it better to wash hair in the shower or over a sink/basin? Washing your hair in the shower is generally the most effective and convenient method for achieving a proper hair wash. The shower provides ample water flow, allowing you to thoroughly wet your hair, lather and rinse your shampoo and conditioner effectively, and control the water temperature easily. The ability to rinse out all product residue is significantly easier and more thorough under the direct flow of shower water. This thorough rinsing is a crucial step in how to properly wash hair, ensuring no product buildup that can lead to dullness or scalp issues. Washing hair over a sink or basin can be challenging for several reasons. It can be difficult to get your hair fully saturated with water, making it harder to lather the shampoo evenly. Rinsing is also a significant challenge; you might end up with soap and conditioner residue left behind, which can lead to problems. It’s also physically awkward and can strain your neck and back. While some people might do this out of necessity (e.g., washing a wig, or in situations where shower access isn't available), for regular hair care, the shower is the superior option for a proper wash. Can I wash my hair every day? What are the pros and cons? Yes, you absolutely can wash your hair every day, and for some individuals, it's even necessary. However, whether it's "better" is highly subjective and depends entirely on your hair type, scalp condition, and lifestyle. Pros of washing hair every day: Effective Oil Control: For individuals with very oily scalps, daily washing is often the only way to keep hair looking clean and free of grease. Freshness: If you exercise daily or live in a humid environment, daily washing can help remove sweat and keep your hair feeling fresh. Product Removal: If you use a lot of styling products, daily washing ensures they are effectively removed, preventing buildup. Cons of washing hair every day: Stripping Natural Oils: The biggest concern is that daily washing, especially with harsh shampoos, can strip your scalp and hair of their natural protective oils (sebum). This can lead to dryness, irritation, frizz, and a compromised scalp barrier. Potential for Increased Oiliness: Paradoxically, some people find that over-washing can lead their scalp to produce even more oil as it tries to compensate for the constant stripping. Color Fading: For color-treated hair, daily washing can accelerate color fading. Time Commitment: It adds a significant amount of time to your daily routine. Environmental Impact: Increased water and product usage. If you choose to wash your hair daily, it's crucial to use gentle, moisturizing, and preferably sulfate-free shampoos. Focus the shampoo on the scalp and use conditioner on the ends. Pay close attention to how your hair and scalp respond. If you experience any dryness, irritation, or increased oiliness, it's a sign that you might need to adjust your routine.

The Final Word on How to Properly Wash Hair

Mastering how to properly wash hair is not about following rigid rules, but about understanding the principles and adapting them to your unique needs. It’s a journey of discovery, listening to your hair and scalp, and choosing products and techniques that support their health and beauty. From understanding your hair type and porosity to selecting the right shampoo and conditioner, and finally, to the precise steps of the washing and rinsing process, each element plays a vital role. Don't be afraid to experiment a little, pay attention to the results, and remember that a healthy scalp is the foundation for beautiful hair. By incorporating these detailed steps and insights, you're well on your way to achieving hair that not only looks good but feels truly healthy from root to tip.